These results demonstrate that young regenerating tropical forest vegetation can positively contribute to locally important hydrological ecosystem services.Conversely, evapotranspiration losses were lower for the tree fallow than the forest, leading to a higher net recharge, likely resulting in more streamflow between rainfall events.
Overland flow was minimal for the tree fallow (similar to the forest) and much lower than for the degraded land, likely leading to a lower risk of erosion and flooding compared to the degraded land. Using measurements from highly instrumented plots under three vegetation types in the shifting cultivation cycle in Madagascar's eastern rainforests (forest, tree fallow and degraded abandoned agricultural land), and infiltration measurements for the same vegetation types across the landscape, we explore the impacts of forest regeneration on the ecohydrological processes that underpin locally important ecosystem services. The outcome depends on the trade-off between the improved soil infiltration capacity (reducing overland flow and increasing soil and groundwater recharge) and greater evapotranspiration (diminishing local water availability). Particularly limited information is available on the impacts of passive tropical forest restoration following shifting cultivation. flood and erosion risk, stream flow during dry periods) are surprisingly poorly understood. However, the impacts of forest restoration on local hydrological services (e.g. While carbon sequestration is a major objective, the case for restoration often includes benefits to local communities. Governments are increasingly committing to significant forest restoration. Further studies on the implementation of forest restoration at the intersection of environmental factors, socioeconomic conditions, forest regeneration/silviculture, and nursery production are needed. Research is needed to gain a better understanding of the perception of local communities towards restoration activities. Adhering to key principles of Forest and Landscape Restoration can promote much-needed community support, with the potential to overcome barriers to forest regeneration and enable communities for the protection, management, and monitoring of the restored forests beyond the limited project and funding periods. Failed projects and disappointed stakeholders, as well as discouraged funders and policy-makers, could lessen the momentum of global forest restoration ambitions. Conclusions: When local communities, their goals, and needs are disregarded in project planning and implementation, as reported from various cases in our survey and the limited available literature, there is a risk of project failure. Major obstacles to forest restoration experienced by survey respondents were a lack of local stakeholder involvement and a mismatch between goals of local communities and restoration managers, as well as environmental, anthropogenic, and technical barriers to tree regeneration. Results: While the majority of respondents reported successful projects, others indicate drastic problems and failed projects. Materials and Methods: We use data from a global online survey to identify common obstacles and success factors for the implementation of forest restoration. 
We highlight various problems and success factors experienced during project implementation on a global scale. Background and Objectives: There are high hopes for Forest and Landscape Restoration to regain ecosystem integrity and enhance human well-being in deforested and degraded areas. Other projects face technical problems related to tree establishment and nursery production. This entails the danger of continued degradation, disappointed local stakeholders, and ultimately, project failure. Research Highlights: The global Forest Landscape Restoration ambitions could be impaired by projects that ignore key principles such as the engagement of local communities in decision making and implementation, equitable benefit sharing, and monitoring for adaptive management.
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